When seeking the best espresso puck screen, the goal is to improve extraction consistency and reduce mess. The Normcore 58.5mm Puck Screen stands out as the overall top pick for its balanced build quality and performance. For those wanting affordability, the 2 Pack 53.5mm Espresso Puck Screen offers great value, while the ultra-thin 53mm screens excel for precise filtration. The main tradeoffs revolve around thickness, material durability, and compatibility—more robust screens can sometimes be thicker, affecting flow. Continue reading for a detailed breakdown of each option and what makes them distinct.
Get coffee and tea gear delivered free — and shop member deals
- Fast, free delivery on millions of items
- Access to Prime Big Deal Days deals on October 6–7
- Prime Video, Amazon Music and more included
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- Thickness of the puck screen significantly impacts flow and extraction quality, with ultra-thin options favoring precision.
- Material quality, especially stainless steel, correlates with durability and ease of cleaning, influencing long-term value.
- Compatibility with various portafilter sizes is crucial; mismatched screens can lead to uneven extraction or fit issues.
- Multi-pack options often provide better overall value, especially for frequent users or commercial setups.
- Premium picks tend to offer thinner, more durable materials, but budget options can still deliver solid performance for home use.
| espresso puck screen | Material | Thickness | Diameter | Size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normcore 58.5mm Puck Screen | 316 Stainless Steel | 1.7mm | 58.5mm | — |
| 2 Pack 53.5mm Espresso Puck Sc | 316 stainless steel | — | — | 53.5mm |
| 3-Pack 53.3mm Puck Screen | 316 stainless steel | — | — | 53.3mm |
| 2 Pack 53.3mm Espresso Puck Sc | 316 stainless steel | 1.7mm | — | 53.3mm |
| Normcore 53.3mm Puck Screen fo | 316 Stainless Steel | 0.8mm | 53.3mm | — |
| 53mm Ultra-Thin 0.2mm Espresso | 316 stainless steel | 0.2mm | 53.3mm | — |
| Espresso Puck Screen for Ninja | 316 stainless steel | — | — | 53.3mm |
| 54mm Espresso Puck Screen for | 316 stainless steel | — | — | 54mm |
| MEION 53.3mm Espresso Puck Scr | Food-grade 304 stainless steel | 0.2mm | — | 53.3mm |
| Normcore 53.3mm Puck Screen | 316 stainless steel | 1.7mm | 53.3mm | — |
| MHW-3BOMBER 54mm Puck Screen | 304 Stainless Steel | 0.8mm | 54mm | — |
| 2 Pack 51mm Espresso Puck Scre | 316 Stainless Steel | 1.7mm | 51mm | — |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Normcore 58.5mm Puck Screen – Lower Shower Screen – Metal Coffee Reusable Filter for Espresso Portafilter Basket 58mm – 1.7mm Thickness 150μm
This Normcore puck screen stands out for its ability to enhance water flow and extraction consistency, making it an excellent choice for those who want reliable performance across different espresso setups. Its 58.5mm diameter and 1.7mm thickness strike a balance between stability and flexibility, while the 150μm mesh ensures even water distribution. Compared with smaller or thinner screens, its size offers broader compatibility, though it may require adjustments for different machines. The stainless steel construction guarantees durability, and its ease of rinsing adds to everyday convenience. For users seeking a resilient, all-purpose puck screen that improves shot quality without sacrificing longevity, this option fits well. However, it demands proper cleaning to prevent staining and might need some fitting adjustments based on specific portafilters.
Pros:- Enhances water flow and extraction quality
- Reusable and made of durable stainless steel
- Easy to clean with quick rinsing
- Provides consistent brewing results
Cons:- Requires proper cleaning to prevent staining
- May need adjustment for different machine sizes
Best for: Home baristas and coffee enthusiasts wanting a durable, versatile puck screen suitable for various espresso machines.
Not ideal for: Users with very compact or non-standard portafilters, as the 58.5mm size may not fit all models without modification.
- Diameter:58.5mm
- Thickness:1.7mm
- Micron Level:150μm
- Material:316 Stainless Steel
Our verdict“This puck screen is ideal for those seeking a durable, all-around performer that improves extraction across various espresso setups.”
2 Pack 53.5mm Espresso Puck Screen with Stand, Reusable Coffee Filters
This set of two 53.5mm screens shines for its tailored fit with Breville 54mm portafilters, making it an excellent choice for owners of these popular machines. The 150μm mesh evenly disperses hot water, helping prevent channeling and improve shot consistency. Compared to larger or thicker screens like the Normcore 58.5mm model, these are more compact and specific, which benefits users seeking a perfect fit without modification. Their corrosion-resistant 316 stainless steel ensures longevity, and being reusable reduces waste. These screens are especially suited for users who prioritize clean, well-shaped espresso shots and machine cleanliness. However, their narrow compatibility limits use with non-Breville machines, and they require rinsing after each session to avoid buildup.
Pros:- Improves extraction and shot consistency
- Reusability reduces waste
- Corrosion-resistant stainless steel
- Easy to clean after use
Cons:- Limited to 54mm portafilters
- Requires rinsing after each shot
Best for: Breville users who want a reliable, dedicated puck screen to improve shot quality and keep their machine clean.
Not ideal for: Owners of non-Breville or larger portafilter machines, as these screens are specifically designed for 54mm filters.
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Size:53.5mm
- Package Quantity:2 pieces
- Mesh Size:150μm
Our verdict“This set makes the most sense for Breville owners seeking a precise, reusable puck screen to elevate their espresso quality.”
3-Pack 53.3mm Puck Screen, Reusable 150μm Metal Espresso Puck
The 3-pack of 53.3mm screens offers excellent value for those who need multiple filters for frequent use, whether at home or in a small café. Made from sturdy stainless steel, these screens help maintain a clean brew head and deliver consistent extraction, thanks to their 150μm mesh. Unlike ultra-thin filters, their 1.7mm thickness provides more stability but can be slightly less responsive in very fine-tuned machines. Their eco-friendly design means less waste, and the set suits users who want to keep spare puck screens handy. Cleaning after each session is necessary to prevent residue buildup, which could otherwise affect performance. Compared to smaller single screens, this pack offers cost-effective durability and convenience for busy users.
Pros:- Multiple screens for convenience and value
- Enhances brewing consistency
- Durable, rust-resistant stainless steel
- Environmentally friendly, reusable design
Cons:- Requires rinsing after each use
- May need additional cleaning for sanitation
Best for: Frequent espresso drinkers and small cafés that need multiple reusable screens for consistent, eco-conscious brewing.
Not ideal for: Users who prefer ultra-thin filters for more delicate extraction or have machines with very tight fitting requirements.
- Size:53.3mm
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Mesh Size:150μm
- Quantity:3
Our verdict“This set suits those who prioritize eco-friendliness, cost savings, and consistent shot quality in a busy setting.”
2 Pack 53.3mm Espresso Puck Screen, Reusable 1.7mm Thickness 150μm Coffee Filter Mesh Plate for Espresso Portafilter Filter Basket
This pair of 53.3mm screens emphasizes water distribution improvements, thanks to its 1.7mm thickness and precise mesh size. Designed to fit snugly in standard portafilters, it helps prevent grounds from sticking and promotes even extraction, especially compared to generic, thinner screens. Its stainless steel build ensures durability, but some users might find fitting these screens requires careful measurement, as a slightly loose fit can compromise performance. Cleaning is straightforward but needs to be done regularly to prevent residue buildup that can affect flow. Compared to the Normcore 58.5mm model, this pick is more suited for those seeking precise water flow management in a standard 54mm setup. It’s ideal for those wanting a balance between performance and ease of use.
Pros:- Improves water distribution and extraction
- Reusable and easy to clean
- Made of durable stainless steel
- Ensures consistent brewing
Cons:- Requires precise fitting for optimal performance
- Cleaning can be tedious if residues build up
Best for: Home baristas who want a precise, easy-to-clean puck screen that enhances water flow and extraction consistency.
Not ideal for: Users with non-standard portafilters or those preferring ultra-thin, less rigid screens for delicate extraction.
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Size:53.3mm
- Thickness:1.7mm
- Mesh Size:150μm
Our verdict“This puck screen is well-suited for those who want a precise, durable filter to optimize water flow and extraction in standard setups.”
Normcore 53.3mm Puck Screen for Breville Sage 54mm Portafilter – 0.8mm Thickness, Stainless Steel
This Normcore puck screen is tailored for Breville Sage 54mm portafilters, featuring a very thin 0.8mm profile that minimizes interference during brewing. Its stainless steel perforations are designed for precise water flow, helping to prevent channeling and debris buildup on the brew head. Compared to thicker screens like the 1.7mm Normcore model, this one offers more delicate water distribution, ideal for users who want to fine-tune their shots. Its durable construction ensures long-term use, but the thin profile demands careful rinsing to avoid clogging. Since it’s specific to Breville Sage machines, users with other brands may find it incompatible. This pick makes the most sense for dedicated Breville/Sage users aiming for a clean, balanced espresso.
Pros:- Enhances extraction precision
- Reduces debris buildup on brew head
- Durable stainless steel construction
- Fitted specifically for Breville Sage
Cons:- Limited to Breville Sage 54mm portafilters
- Requires thorough rinsing to prevent clogging
- May need adjustment for other machines
Best for: Breville Sage owners seeking a precise, thin puck screen that enhances shot consistency and keeps the brew head clean.
Not ideal for: Non-Breville/Sage machines or those who prefer thicker, more forgiving screens for casual brewing.
- Diameter:53.3mm
- Thickness:0.8mm
- Material:316 Stainless Steel
- Perforation Size:0.18mm
Our verdict“This puck screen is perfect for dedicated Breville/Sage users wanting a highly precise, debris-reducing filter for consistent shots.”
53mm Ultra-Thin 0.2mm Espresso Puck Screen, 2-Pack, 316 Stainless Steel
This ultra-thin 2-pack stands out for its minimal impact on headspace, making it highly compatible with a range of popular machines like the Breville Barista Express and Sage models. Its 0.2mm stainless steel design ensures even water dispersion, which can significantly improve shot quality compared to thicker or less precise screens. While the thin profile minimizes disturbance to puck formation, it requires precise fitting for optimal performance, and the single-layer construction might wear over time. Compared with bulkier options, this set offers a good balance of durability and ease of cleaning, making it suitable for home baristas seeking consistency without fuss.
Pros:- Ultra-thin design minimizes headspace impact
- Ensures even water distribution for better espresso quality
- Made from durable, corrosion-resistant 316 stainless steel
- Easy to clean and maintain
Cons:- May require precise fitting for some machines
- Single-layer design might be less durable over long-term use
Best for: Home users with compatible portafilters who prioritize consistent extraction and minimal puck disturbance.
Not ideal for: Users with non-standard or poorly fitting portafilters, as precise fit is necessary for best results.
- Diameter:53.3mm
- Thickness:0.2mm
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Pack Size:2-pack
- Compatibility:Breville / Sage Barista Express, Pro, Touch, Bambino Plus, Infuser, Ninja Luxe Café
Our verdict“This puck screen offers excellent compatibility and consistency for dedicated home baristas willing to ensure proper fit.”
Espresso Puck Screen for Ninja Cafe Luxe Breville Espresso Machine, 53.3mm
This 3-pack of stainless steel puck screens is tailored for Ninja and Breville machines, offering a reliable way to improve extraction consistency. Its high-strength 316 stainless steel construction ensures durability, and the inclusion of multiple screens makes it convenient for frequent use or multiple machines. Compared with thinner, single-layer options like the 53mm Ultra-Thin, this set’s thicker design provides added longevity but may slightly increase puck disturbance. It’s an ideal choice for cafes or serious enthusiasts who want a cost-effective, long-lasting solution that reduces cleaning time and enhances shot quality.
Pros:- Enhances espresso extraction for consistent results
- Durable high-quality stainless steel construction
- Includes three puck screens for extended use
- Reduces cleaning frequency
Cons:- Tiny breakpoints from manufacturing can occasionally cause minor damage if mishandled
- Not suitable for machines with protruding screws in the shower head
Best for: Cafe owners or home enthusiasts who want a durable, multi-pack solution for frequent espresso brewing.
Not ideal for: Owners of machines with protruding shower heads or non-standard portafilter sizes, where fit may be problematic.
- Size:53.3mm
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Pieces:3 pack
- Model Number:WB0004
Our verdict“This set is excellent for those seeking durability and value in multi-use puck screens for compatible espresso machines.”
54mm Espresso Puck Screen for Breville, 2 Pack
This 54mm dual-layer puck screen offers a slightly larger size for compatible machines, with a fine mesh and aperture system to promote uniform water flow and prevent channeling. Its dual-layer design improves extraction, especially over single-layer options like the 53mm Ultra-Thin, yet requires careful rinsing after each use to maintain performance. Compared with the 53mm MEION set, this option’s larger size might provide better coverage but may not fit all machines with tighter tolerances. It’s well-suited for users who want a more robust, water-distributing screen with an emphasis on flavor enhancement.
Pros:- Enhances coffee extraction for better flavor
- Durable stainless steel with corrosion resistance
- Reusable and easy to rinse
- Dual-layer mesh prevents channeling
Cons:- Requires rinsing after each use for maintenance
- Not compatible with machines with protruding screws
Best for: Home baristas with 54mm portafilters seeking improved water flow and extraction efficiency.
Not ideal for: Owners of smaller portafilters or machines with protruding screws that prevent a proper fit.
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Size:54mm
- Layers:Dual-layer with 1.2mm aperture and 0.15mm mesh
- Includes:2 puck screens
Our verdict“Ideal for those with 54mm portafilters wanting improved water flow and extraction, with a slight size advantage over smaller screens.”
MEION 53.3mm Espresso Puck Screen – 3 Pack, 0.2mm Ultra Thin Stainless Steel Reusable Coffee Filter for 54mm Portafilter
The MEION 3-pack provides excellent value for frequent espresso makers, especially since its ultra-thin 0.2mm construction ensures uniform water dispersion, similar to the 53mm Ultra-Thin pick. Its 304 stainless steel adds durability, and the multiple units help maintain consistent performance over time. Compared with the Normcore puck screen, MEION’s slightly thinner profile may deliver marginally better water flow, yet it shares the same caveat—proper fit is essential for optimal extraction. This set is well-suited for dedicated home users or small cafes seeking a cost-effective way to keep their machine performing at barista levels.
Pros:- Ensures even water dispersion for consistent extraction
- Made from durable, food-grade 304 stainless steel
- Easy to rinse and keep clean
- Provides multiple screens for ongoing use
Cons:- Not suitable for machines with raised brew head nuts
- Requires rinsing after use to prevent buildup
Best for: Frequent espresso drinkers who want multiple screens for consistent results and easy replacement.
Not ideal for: Owners of machines with higher or non-standard portafilter heights, as compatibility may be limited.
- Material:Food-grade 304 stainless steel
- Size:53.3mm
- Thickness:0.2mm
- Pack Quantity:3
Our verdict“This multi-pack is a smart choice for home baristas who prioritize consistent water dispersion and value.”
Normcore 53.3mm Puck Screen – Lower Shower Screen for Espresso 54mm Portafilter
Designed specifically for 54mm portafilters, the Normcore puck screen provides a thicker, more robust solution with a 1.7mm stainless steel layer and 150μm micron filtration. It excels at improving water flow and preventing channeling, which can lead to uneven extraction. Compared with ultra-thin screens like the MEION or the 53mm Ultra-Thin, this option’s sturdiness makes it better suited for those who need a durable, long-lasting component. However, its specific size and thickness mean it’s not universally compatible with all machines, and proper cleaning is necessary to avoid staining or buildup. It’s ideal for users seeking a more substantial, reliable upgrade to their brew head.
Pros:- Improves water flow and extraction quality
- Durable, reusable stainless steel construction
- Easy to clean with a quick rinse
- Specific to 54mm portafilters for a snug fit
Cons:- Requires proper cleaning to prevent staining
- Specific size limits flexibility for different machines
Best for: Serious home brewers or small cafes seeking a durable, high-flow puck screen for consistent shots.
Not ideal for: Owners of machines with incompatible portafilter sizes or those who prefer ultra-thin, minimalist screens for quick rinsing.
- Diameter:53.3mm
- Thickness:1.7mm
- Material:316 stainless steel
- Micron:150μm
Our verdict“This puck screen is well-suited for users needing a sturdy, high-flow component for 54mm portafilters to enhance extraction quality.”
MHW-3BOMBER 54mm Puck Screen – 0.8mm Espresso Puck Screen – Reusable Metal Coffee Filter for Breville/Sage 54mm Portafilter
This 54mm stainless steel puck screen stands out for its ability to significantly improve extraction uniformity, especially when compared to standard shower screens like the Normcore 54mm. Its double-layer design and 0.8mm thickness help distribute water evenly, resulting in more balanced espresso shots. The durable, reusable construction makes it a reliable choice, though it’s not dishwasher-safe, requiring manual cleaning. Its compatibility with Breville and Sage portafilters makes it versatile for many home baristas, but internal screw brewing head incompatibility may pose a challenge for some users. This pick is ideal for those seeking a straightforward upgrade to enhance shot consistency without complex adjustments.
Pros:- Enhances espresso extraction consistency
- Reinforced stainless steel for durability
- Easy to clean with a simple rinse
Cons:- Not dishwasher safe, requiring manual cleaning
- Potential compatibility issues with internal screw brewing heads
Best for: Home baristas wanting reliable, consistent results and easy maintenance with their Breville or Sage machines.
Not ideal for: Users with dishwashers or those with internal screw brewing head systems, as it may not fit or withstand dishwasher cleaning.
- Mesh:8911
- Filtration Precision:0.18mm
- Material:304 Stainless Steel
- Diameter:54mm
- Thickness:0.8mm
- Compatible Devices:Breville, Sage
Our verdict“This puck screen offers a solid balance of durability and improved extraction, making it ideal for serious home enthusiasts who want consistent results.”
2 Pack 51mm Espresso Puck Screen, Reusable 150μm Coffee Filter Mesh Plate for Espresso Portafilter
This two-pack of 51mm stainless steel puck screens excels at enhancing water distribution and preventing coffee grounds from sticking, particularly when compared with thinner or single-layer options like the 53.3mm models. Made of durable 316 stainless steel with a 150μm fineness, they offer a reliable way to improve extraction quality without the need for special tools. Their larger size and thicker 1.7mm construction mean they are more robust but may require adjustments for different machines, especially if the portafilter sizes are slightly off. The set’s value makes it especially appealing for those who want a cost-effective upgrade, though careful cleaning is necessary to prevent buildup over time.
Pros:- Made of food-grade 316 stainless steel
- Improves water flow and extraction
- Reusable and easy to rinse
- Prevents coffee grounds from sticking
Cons:- Requires proper cleaning to prevent buildup
- May need adjustments for some machine sizes
Best for: Budget-conscious espresso enthusiasts seeking to improve shot quality and keep their machine cleaner with minimal fuss.
Not ideal for: Users with machines requiring precise fit or those who prefer ultra-thin screens, as thicker mesh may need machine-specific adjustments.
- Material:316 Stainless Steel
- Diameter:51mm
- Filtration Fineness:150μm
- Thickness:1.7mm
- Package Content:2 x Espresso Puck Screen
Our verdict“This dual set provides excellent value and practical improvement for those looking to boost extraction and cleanliness without investing in premium accessories.”

How We Picked
Products were selected based on their size compatibility with popular espresso machines, build quality, and material durability. We prioritized screens that effectively improve extraction consistency and reduce mess without adding complexity. The ranking reflects a balance of performance, affordability, ease of cleaning, and user reviews. Additional factors like thickness, mesh quality, and packaging were considered to identify standout options for both casual and serious baristas.Factors to Consider When Choosing Best Espresso Puck Screen
Choosing the right espresso puck screen involves understanding how size, thickness, and material influence your brewing process. A well-chosen puck screen can enhance extraction by promoting even water flow and reducing channeling. However, selecting an incompatible size or overly thick screen may hinder flow or cause fitting issues, compromising your espresso quality. This guide highlights key factors to consider to ensure you pick a puck screen that matches your machine and brewing preferences, avoiding common pitfalls and maximizing value.Size Compatibility
Size compatibility is fundamental; a puck screen must precisely fit your portafilter basket. Using a screen that is too small can lead to uneven coverage and inconsistent extraction, while oversized screens won’t fit or could interfere with tamping. Measure your basket carefully and opt for a size recommended by your machine’s manufacturer or one that fits standard portafilter sizes. Remember, slight variations in size can affect water flow and overall espresso quality.
Material and Durability
Most puck screens are made from stainless steel, offering durability and resistance to corrosion. Thinner stainless steel, such as 0.2mm or 0.8mm, tends to be more responsive and less obstructive, promoting better water flow. However, ultra-thin screens may be more prone to warping or damage if mishandled. Conversely, thicker screens are more durable but may restrict water flow, impacting extraction. Balancing durability with performance is key, especially if you brew frequently or want a long-lasting product.
Thickness and Mesh Size
The thickness of the puck screen influences how water passes through the coffee bed. Thinner screens, often around 0.2mm to 0.8mm, facilitate a more direct and even flow, improving shot consistency. Thicker screens can sometimes cause uneven pressure distribution, leading to channeling. Mesh size, typically around 150μm, determines how fine the filtration is; finer meshes can reduce fines in your espresso but may also slow flow. Consider your brewing style and preferences when choosing thickness and mesh size.
Ease of Cleaning and Maintenance
A puck screen should be easy to clean and maintain, preventing residue buildup that can affect flavor. Stainless steel screens are generally dishwasher safe, but some mesh coatings or finer meshes might require gentle scrubbing. Multi-pack options or screens with simple designs can save time and effort. Avoid overly complex or fragile designs that could complicate cleaning routines, especially if you brew multiple shots daily.
Price and Value
While premium screens offer superior build quality and thinner materials, budget options can still provide noticeable improvements over no screen at all. Multi-packs often present better value for frequent brewers, reducing the cost per piece. Consider your brewing frequency, budget, and desired performance level—spending more on a durable, well-fitting screen can pay off for serious enthusiasts, while casual users might prioritize affordability.
Frequently Asked Questions
Will a puck screen improve my espresso shot?
Yes, a puck screen can enhance your espresso by promoting even water flow across the coffee bed, reducing channeling, and minimizing mess in your drip tray. It helps maintain a consistent pressure during extraction, which can improve flavor clarity and body. However, the degree of improvement depends on correct fit and your brewing technique. A well-chosen puck screen is a valuable tool for achieving more reliable results, especially if you experience uneven extraction or splattering.
Is a thinner puck screen always better?
Generally, thinner puck screens allow for better water flow and more precise extraction, making them popular among enthusiasts. However, ultra-thin screens can be more fragile and may warp or deform over time if not handled carefully. Thicker screens tend to be more durable but might restrict flow, potentially leading to less even extraction. The best choice balances thinness for performance and durability for longevity, especially considering your brewing frequency.
Can I use a puck screen on any espresso machine?
Not all puck screens are universal; size compatibility is essential. Many screens are designed for specific basket sizes, such as 53mm, 54mm, or 58mm, matching common portafilter dimensions. Always measure your basket or check manufacturer specifications before purchasing. Using an ill-fitting screen can cause leaks, uneven extraction, or damage your machine, so selecting the correct size is critical for optimal performance.
How often should I replace my puck screen?
The lifespan of a puck screen depends on material quality, usage frequency, and cleaning habits. Stainless steel screens are durable and can last for years if properly maintained, but they may develop scratches or warping over time. Regular inspection for damage or warping is advisable; replace if the screen no longer fits well or shows signs of wear that could affect extraction. Replacing screens periodically ensures you maintain consistent brewing quality.
Are multi-packs worth buying?
Multi-packs often provide better value, especially for frequent brewers or commercial setups. They allow you to have spare screens on hand, ensuring consistent performance over time. Additionally, different pack sizes include various sizes and thicknesses, giving you flexibility to experiment or match different machines. However, if you’re only brewing occasionally, a single high-quality screen might suffice. Consider your brewing habits and budget when choosing multi-packs.
Conclusion
For casual home baristas, a budget-friendly 53mm or 54mm screen offers solid performance without breaking the bank. Serious enthusiasts should consider the Normcore 58.5mm Puck Screen for its blend of durability and performance, making it the best overall pick. Premium buyers aiming for longevity and the finest flow should look at ultra-thin, high-quality stainless steel options like the 53mm ultra-thin screens, ideal for precise extraction. Beginners will benefit from simple, compatible models that are easy to clean, while commercial users might prioritize multi-packs for consistent results. Your choice hinges on your machine size, brewing frequency, and desired level of finesse.
Fall Picks
fall essentials
As an affiliate, we earn on qualifying purchases.















